Black Leather Army Boots A Comprehensive Guide

Black leather army boots, a timeless staple in fashion and military history, possess a unique blend of ruggedness and style. Their enduring appeal stems from a rich heritage, diverse design variations, and adaptability to various contexts, from the battlefield to the boardroom.

This comprehensive guide delves into the history, design, style, materials, comfort, care, pricing, and cultural significance of black leather army boots, offering a thorough understanding of their multifaceted nature.

Overview of Black Leather Army Boots

Black Leather Army Boots A Comprehensive Guide

Black leather army boots, a staple in military and civilian wardrobes, have evolved significantly over time. Their enduring appeal stems from a combination of practicality, style, and cultural significance. From their humble beginnings as functional footwear, they have transcended their utilitarian origins to become a symbol of various subcultures and a popular fashion item.Black leather army boots embody a blend of ruggedness and sophistication.

Their robust construction and timeless design have ensured their continued relevance across different eras and contexts. The characteristic features, including the thick soles, sturdy uppers, and often distinct lacing systems, contribute to their iconic image.

Historical Context and Evolution

The design of army boots has roots in military necessity. Early iterations focused primarily on durability and protection. Over time, technological advancements in materials and manufacturing processes led to increased comfort and refined aesthetics. This evolution has been driven by changing military needs and civilian adoption of military-inspired styles. The development of specific boot models, each tailored to different military branches and tasks, showcases this adaptive nature.

Key Features and Characteristics

Black leather army boots are distinguished by their substantial construction. Thick, often lugged soles provide excellent traction and support. The robust leather uppers, typically full-grain or heavy-duty, offer superior durability and water resistance. Reinforced stitching and stitching patterns often highlight the boot’s strength and resilience. The classic lacing system, designed for secure fit and adjustment, is a defining feature.

Variations in lacing and cuff designs, sometimes incorporating additional embellishments, further contribute to the diversity of styles.

Variations in Materials, Construction, and Embellishments

Different iterations of black leather army boots showcase variations in materials, construction, and embellishments. For example, some boots utilize treated leather for enhanced water resistance, while others opt for full-grain leather for its natural look and feel. Construction techniques, from Goodyear welt to cemented soles, influence the boot’s durability and lifespan. Embellishments like metal eyelets, buckles, and decorative stitching add flair to certain models.

Variations in the boot’s height (ankle, mid-calf, or higher) also play a role in defining its appearance and functionality.

Cultural Significance

Black leather army boots have held significant cultural sway, often reflecting subcultural identity and fashion trends. Their association with military personnel has led to their adoption by various subcultures, including punk, goth, and even some elements of hip-hop. Their appearance in popular culture, from films to music videos, has solidified their status as a fashion statement. This combination of practical utility, aesthetic appeal, and cultural association has ensured the enduring presence of black leather army boots in diverse settings.

Design and Construction

Black leather army boots, a staple in military and outdoor wear, are meticulously crafted to withstand demanding conditions. Their design and construction directly impact their durability, comfort, and overall performance. The choice of materials, stitching techniques, and component design are crucial factors that contribute to the boot’s lasting value.The quality and type of leather used in these boots significantly influence their longevity and ability to withstand rigorous use.

Different leathers offer varying levels of water resistance, abrasion resistance, and breathability, all essential considerations in a military or outdoor environment.

Leather Types and Properties

Different types of leather are used in the construction of black leather army boots, each offering unique characteristics. Full-grain leather, for example, is known for its durability and natural aesthetic. Its thick, unpolished surface provides excellent resistance to scuffs and abrasion. Top-grain leather, while not as durable as full-grain, is still a strong contender. It possesses a smooth, polished surface, which makes it more resistant to water damage.

Corrected grain leather, often used for cost-effectiveness, is a synthetically treated form of leather, exhibiting properties that make it more uniform and less prone to variations in texture, but often lacks the same inherent strength as full-grain.

Stitching Techniques

The stitching employed in the construction of army boots directly impacts their durability and longevity. Different stitching techniques are used to secure various parts of the boot, ensuring proper stress distribution and preventing slippage. Goodyear welted construction, for example, involves stitching the upper to the sole using a separate piece of leather, known as a welt. This method is known for its superior durability and ability to maintain the shape of the boot over time.

Blake stitched construction, a simpler method, sews the upper directly to the sole. While less durable than Goodyear welted, it offers a more cost-effective solution and is sometimes preferred for specific designs.

Components and Functionality

The various components of the boot, including the sole, heel, and laces, contribute to the overall performance and comfort of the boot. The sole, a crucial component for traction and shock absorption, is often constructed from a durable rubber or a composite material to provide grip on varied terrains. The heel provides stability and support, often reinforced for durability.

Laces are critical for adjusting the fit and securing the boot, influencing the overall comfort and stability.

Construction Methods Comparison

Different construction methods, such as Goodyear welted and Blake stitched, offer varying degrees of durability and cost-effectiveness. Goodyear welted construction is renowned for its durability and ability to withstand significant stress. The separate welt layer provides exceptional flexibility and longevity, making it an ideal choice for high-performance applications. Blake stitched construction, while less expensive and quicker to produce, might not offer the same level of durability or longevity.

The direct stitching between the upper and sole can be susceptible to wear and tear, particularly in high-impact situations. Understanding the specific requirements of the application will determine the best construction method.

Style and Trends

Black leather army boots, a timeless staple, have evolved through various styles and trends. Their versatility allows them to transcend eras and remain relevant in contemporary fashion. From rugged combat boots to sleek biker styles, the black leather army boot continues to adapt to changing tastes and influences.The enduring appeal of black leather army boots stems from their inherent versatility.

They can seamlessly transition from casual outings to more refined occasions with the right styling choices. This adaptability is a key factor in their continued popularity.

Popular Styles

Black leather army boots encompass a spectrum of styles, each with its own unique characteristics. Combat boots, Chelsea boots, and biker boots, all bearing influences from military, workwear, and rock subcultures, have played significant roles in shaping the evolution of the black leather army boot. Their adaptability to different aesthetics is a testament to their enduring appeal.

Style Comparison, Black leather army boots

Boot StyleSimilarities to Black Leather Army BootsDifferences from Black Leather Army Boots
Combat BootsBoth often feature robust construction, heavy-duty materials, and a military-inspired aesthetic. Black leather is a common choice for both.Combat boots frequently have more pronounced military design elements, like heavier stitching and more pronounced details. They may also have a more rugged, less refined appearance.
Chelsea BootsBlack leather Chelsea boots, like army boots, can be stylish and versatile. They share a similar ability to transition between casual and semi-formal settings.Chelsea boots are distinguished by their elastic side panels, offering a more streamlined and contemporary silhouette compared to the more structured army boot.
Biker BootsBlack leather biker boots and army boots share a similar rugged aesthetic and versatility in terms of styling.Biker boots often feature prominent stitching, studs, or other embellishments that contribute to their rock-inspired look. The ankle height and design elements usually differ significantly.

Outfit Ideas

The versatility of black leather army boots extends to a wide array of outfit options.

  • Casual Everyday Wear: Pair black leather army boots with jeans, a graphic tee, and a bomber jacket for a straightforward, effortless casual look. Alternatively, a simple t-shirt, chinos, and a denim jacket can be equally effective.
  • Smart Casual: A tailored blazer, chinos, and a crisp button-down shirt create a smart casual look. This ensemble demonstrates the versatility of the boots in more polished settings.
  • Edgy/Rock: Combine black leather army boots with ripped jeans, a band t-shirt, and a leather jacket for a bold, rock-inspired style. Adding accessories like a studded belt can further enhance the look.

Styling for Various Occasions

Black leather army boots are surprisingly adaptable, transitioning effortlessly from casual to formal settings.

  • Casual outings: A simple outfit with jeans, a t-shirt, and a casual jacket is ideal for casual days out, showcasing the relaxed yet stylish nature of the boots.
  • Semi-formal events: A tailored dress pant outfit with a dress shirt and blazer can transform the boots into a stylish choice for semi-formal events, demonstrating their adaptability.

Materials and Durability

The quality of materials directly impacts the longevity and aesthetic appeal of black leather army boots. A well-constructed boot, utilizing high-grade leather and appropriate treatments, can provide years of reliable service and retain its value. Understanding the nuances of leather selection, treatments, and sole construction is crucial to appreciating the enduring nature of these boots.

Importance of Quality Leather

High-quality leather, typically full-grain or top-grain, is crucial for the longevity of army boots. These leathers possess a natural strength and resilience, allowing the boots to withstand rigorous use. The distinct characteristics of the leather, such as its thickness, density, and grain pattern, significantly affect its ability to endure wear and tear. A thicker leather offers greater resistance to abrasion and damage.

Leather Treatments for Durability and Water Resistance

Several treatments are applied to leather to enhance its durability and water resistance. These treatments modify the leather’s surface, making it more resistant to moisture, scuffs, and stains. Common treatments include oils, waxes, and special finishes that create a protective barrier. The effectiveness of these treatments varies depending on the quality and application. Properly treated leather can significantly increase the boot’s ability to withstand the elements.

Sole Materials and Their Impact

The sole material is a critical component affecting traction, comfort, and longevity. High-quality army boots typically feature soles made of durable materials like rubber or Vibram. Rubber soles offer excellent traction on various terrains, while Vibram outsoles are known for their exceptional grip and wear resistance. Different rubber compounds offer varying degrees of flexibility and cushioning. The choice of sole material directly influences the boot’s performance and comfort.

For example, boots with rugged, aggressive tread patterns on their soles are better suited for outdoor activities and challenging terrains.

Characteristics of Leather Affecting Durability

The specific characteristics of the leather itself play a significant role in the boot’s overall durability and lifespan. Factors such as the thickness of the leather, the grain pattern, and the tanning process all contribute to the boot’s resilience. Full-grain leather, for example, has a more pronounced grain pattern and is often thicker, resulting in increased durability. The tanning process itself, which determines the leather’s strength and water resistance, also affects its long-term performance.

These factors influence the boot’s ability to resist wear, tears, and water damage. The strength and flexibility of the leather will determine its resistance to stretching and cracking over time. Boots made with carefully selected and processed leather are better equipped to withstand demanding conditions.

Comfort and Fit

Black leather army boots, while renowned for their durability and style, demand careful consideration of fit and comfort. A poorly fitting pair can lead to discomfort, potential injuries, and ultimately, a less enjoyable experience. Understanding the crucial aspects of sizing, break-in, and overall boot construction is paramount for achieving a comfortable and supportive fit.Proper sizing and fit are essential for maximizing comfort and preventing potential issues.

Incorrect sizing can lead to blisters, rubbing, and discomfort during wear. A properly fitted boot conforms to the foot’s shape, distributing pressure evenly and minimizing friction.

Proper Sizing and Fit

Precise sizing is critical for a comfortable fit. Using the same size as other footwear may not translate directly to army boots, as their construction and design differ. It is recommended to try on boots in person, ideally later in the day when feet may be slightly swollen. Measure your foot length and width meticulously, taking note of any potential variations between feet.

Consider any pre-existing foot conditions or injuries when selecting your size. Avoid buying boots that are too tight or too loose. A snug fit, without constriction, is ideal.

Break-in Strategies

Breaking in black leather army boots is a crucial step for achieving a comfortable fit. Leather, by its nature, conforms to the shape of the foot over time. Start with short periods of wear, gradually increasing the duration as the leather molds to your feet. Using a thin, breathable sock will enhance comfort during the break-in process.

Applying a leather conditioner or balm can help the leather soften and adapt to your feet. Avoid wearing the boots for extended periods during the initial break-in phase.

Factors Affecting Comfort

Several factors contribute to the overall comfort level of black leather army boots. The lining material plays a significant role. A breathable, moisture-wicking lining, such as leather or breathable textiles, will prevent excessive perspiration and maintain a comfortable interior environment. The insole’s cushioning and support are crucial. A supportive insole with proper arch support can significantly improve comfort and reduce fatigue.

The quality of the stitching and construction of the boot itself also contributes to the overall comfort level. High-quality stitching ensures durability and prevents discomfort from loose or uneven seams.

Care and Maintenance

Proper care and maintenance are crucial for preserving the longevity and aesthetic appeal of black leather army boots. Consistent attention to cleaning, conditioning, and storage will ensure your boots remain in excellent condition for years to come, maintaining their robust style and performance.Maintaining the quality of your black leather army boots involves understanding the nuances of leather care, from cleaning solutions to protective measures.

The shadowed gleam of black leather army boots, a silent promise of journeys long past. A weathered patina, hinting at countless miles walked, and battles fought. To truly capture their character, one must consider the application of army painter matte varnish, a vital step in preserving their enduring essence. This meticulous finish, like a whispered eulogy to their history, brings a quiet strength to the worn black leather army boots, their legacy intact.

This knowledge empowers you to prolong the life of your investment and maintain their rugged, stylish appearance.

Cleaning Procedures

Regular cleaning prevents the buildup of dirt, grime, and moisture, which can lead to damage and discoloration. A thorough cleaning regimen, coupled with proper conditioning, safeguards the leather’s integrity and enhances its durability.

  • Initial Inspection: Before beginning any cleaning, carefully inspect the boots for any embedded debris or dirt. Remove loose dirt and grit with a soft brush or a clean cloth. This preliminary step prevents the potential for scratching the leather during the cleaning process.
  • Gentle Cleaning: For everyday maintenance, a damp cloth and mild soap solution are sufficient. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the leather. Gently wipe the boots, ensuring no water pools in the crevices or seams.
  • Spot Cleaning: For stubborn stains, use a specialized leather cleaner designed for black leather. Apply the cleaner sparingly to the affected area, ensuring it’s well-dispersed. Wipe gently with a clean cloth to remove the stain. Test the cleaner in an inconspicuous area first to verify its compatibility with the leather.
  • Drying: Allow the boots to air dry completely in a well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight or heat sources. Avoid using a hairdryer or other heat-based drying methods, as these can damage the leather and cause cracking.

Leather Conditioning and Protection

Regular conditioning is essential for maintaining the leather’s suppleness and preventing cracking or drying. This step provides a protective barrier against environmental factors and enhances the leather’s overall resilience.

  • Choosing the Right Conditioner: Select a leather conditioner specifically formulated for black leather. Look for a conditioner that penetrates the leather without leaving a greasy residue, ensuring the leather’s breathability and flexibility are preserved. A good conditioner will replenish the leather’s natural oils and prevent dryness.
  • Application Technique: Apply the conditioner to a clean cloth and gently rub it into the leather in circular motions. Focus on areas prone to drying, such as seams, edges, and toe caps. Avoid over-applying, as this can lead to a buildup of conditioner, potentially attracting dust and dirt.
  • Leather Protector: For added protection, consider using a leather protector spray. These sprays create a barrier that repels water and dirt, further safeguarding the leather from the elements. Apply the protector in a well-ventilated area, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Storage and Preservation

Proper storage is crucial for maintaining the integrity and shape of your black leather army boots. Carefully storing them prevents unwanted damage and ensures they remain in pristine condition for future use.

  • Clean and Dry: Ensure the boots are thoroughly cleaned and completely dry before storing them. Any residual moisture can lead to mold or mildew growth, potentially causing significant damage to the leather.
  • Use Boot Trees: Inserting boot trees helps maintain the boots’ shape and prevents creasing or deformation during storage. This practice keeps the leather supple and prevents the boots from losing their form.
  • Storage Environment: Store the boots in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and excessive heat. Avoid storing them in damp or humid environments, as these conditions can lead to damage to the leather.

Price and Availability

Black leather army boots

Black leather army boots, a timeless staple in military-inspired fashion, exhibit a diverse price range influenced by various factors. This range caters to different budgets and preferences, from budget-friendly options to premium, high-quality boots. Understanding these price points and the availability channels is key to making an informed purchase.The price of black leather army boots is not solely determined by the brand; the quality of materials and craftsmanship plays a crucial role.

Boots featuring premium leathers, intricate stitching, and robust construction often command higher prices compared to those with less refined details.

Price Range Overview

The price range for black leather army boots varies significantly, depending on the brand, style, and materials used. Budget-conscious consumers can find good quality boots in the mid-range price segment. Higher-end brands and styles with superior materials and construction typically command a premium price.

Retail Channels

Black leather army boots are available through a variety of retail channels, each with its own advantages and drawbacks.

  • Brick-and-mortar stores offer the opportunity for in-person fitting and evaluation of the boots’ quality. This hands-on experience can be invaluable in determining the fit and comfort. Department stores, specialty footwear shops, and military surplus stores are examples of brick-and-mortar outlets.
  • Online retailers provide a wider selection of brands and styles, often at competitive prices. However, the lack of in-person fitting may pose a disadvantage for some buyers. Large e-commerce platforms, specialized footwear websites, and brand websites are common online retail channels.
  • Military surplus stores are another outlet, typically offering more affordable options, sometimes with a more rugged, used aesthetic. However, the availability and selection of specific styles might be limited, and the condition of the boots needs careful consideration.

Factors Influencing Price

Several factors contribute to the varying price points of black leather army boots.

  • Material quality is a significant determinant. Premium leather types, like full-grain or top-grain, are more expensive than less expensive alternatives. The quality of the leather significantly affects the boot’s durability and longevity. The type and thickness of the leather used in the upper and sole are important aspects to consider.
  • Craftsmanship and construction techniques also impact the price. Boots with intricate stitching, reinforced seams, and high-quality components typically command a higher price. Sophisticated manufacturing processes and attention to detail reflect in the final price.
  • Brand reputation and recognition are factors. Well-established brands often command a higher price point due to their reputation for quality, design, and customer service. This is also associated with marketing efforts and brand awareness.

Brand Price Range Examples

The following table provides a general overview of price ranges for different brands of black leather army boots. Note that these are estimates and actual prices may vary based on specific styles, materials, and current promotions.

BrandApproximate Price Range (USD)
Allen Edmonds$350-$550
Red Wing$250-$450
Timberland$150-$350
Dr. Martens$150-$300
Hawkins$100-$250

Historical and Cultural Context

Black leather army boots, a seemingly simple piece of footwear, hold a rich tapestry of history and cultural significance. Their evolution mirrors the development of military tactics and styles, reflecting societal shifts and impacting popular culture. From battlefield necessity to fashion statement, these boots have traversed centuries, leaving an indelible mark on our collective consciousness.The design and construction of army boots have consistently adapted to the demands of warfare and the evolving needs of soldiers.

This adaptation has not only impacted functionality but also profoundly influenced the aesthetic of these boots.

Evolution of Military Styles

The design of army boots has been fundamentally shaped by the changing styles and needs of military forces throughout history. Early military boots were often functional, focusing on protection and durability, often made from simple materials and crafted for a specific purpose. As military technology and tactics advanced, the design of army boots became more sophisticated, incorporating elements of protection, comfort, and practicality.

  • Ancient Warfare: Early military boots, often fashioned from leather or simple materials, were primarily focused on providing protection and support. The style and design varied greatly depending on the region and specific military units, but a common feature was durability and resistance to abrasion and punctures.
  • Medieval and Renaissance Periods: Military boots transitioned into more elaborate designs, incorporating elements of armor and protection, while still maintaining functionality for combat. The designs reflected the growing sophistication of warfare and the development of new military technologies.
  • 18th and 19th Centuries: The Industrial Revolution and technological advancements in warfare led to increased standardization and efficiency in military equipment, including boots. This period saw the rise of specific military boot designs for different branches and roles, tailored for particular terrains and tasks.
  • 20th Century and Beyond: The 20th century witnessed significant advancements in materials and manufacturing techniques, leading to lighter, more comfortable, and highly specialized army boots. Military boots now integrate advanced technologies such as waterproofing, enhanced support, and shock absorption, reflecting the demands of modern warfare.

Historical Figures and Events

Throughout history, prominent figures have worn black leather army boots, often signifying their role in military campaigns or political power. These boots served as a symbol of authority, strength, and the military ethos of the era.

The polished gleam of black leather army boots, a silent promise of duty, now seems tinged with a wistful ache. A faded memory, perhaps, of a time when laughter echoed through barracks halls, and the worn comfort of an “army wife t shirt” army wife t shirt whispered tales of home. Now, only the somber reflection of the boots on the polished floor remains, a haunting echo of a life lived far from familiar shores.

  • Napoleon Bonaparte: Images and accounts of Napoleon Bonaparte often depict him in military attire, including black leather army boots, which contributed to his image as a powerful and formidable leader. The boots, along with other elements of his uniform, reinforced his authority and presence on the battlefield.
  • World War II: The Second World War saw a significant evolution in army boot design. Images of soldiers in various theatres of war, dressed in their respective military uniforms and boots, demonstrate the practical and functional role these boots played in wartime. The iconic black leather army boot became a symbol of unity and collective effort in the war effort.

  • Contemporary Military Figures: Modern military figures, from field commanders to enlisted soldiers, wear army boots that are adapted to the contemporary military environment, incorporating advanced features and designs for enhanced performance and safety. The boots, in these modern examples, remain a visible symbol of the soldier’s role in modern military operations.

Influence of Military Styles

Military styles have significantly impacted the design of black leather army boots, shaping their aesthetics and functionality. Different military branches and styles often incorporated unique features and elements to suit their specific needs and operational requirements.

  • Infantry Boots: Infantry boots, often characterized by their durability and ankle support, were specifically designed to provide protection and support during foot-based military operations. Their design reflected the need for flexibility, maneuverability, and protection against varied terrains.
  • Cavalry Boots: Cavalry boots, known for their height and support, were designed to provide protection and support for mounted combat. Their design reflected the need for stability and protection during horseback riding and combat.
  • Specialized Military Boots: Various military branches and roles have specific boot designs, often tailored for particular operational requirements. These specialized boots often incorporate advanced features and technologies that reflect the changing needs of modern warfare.

Representation in Media

Black leather army boots have been frequently depicted in film and literature, often serving as a symbol of military power, authority, or even a character’s personal struggles. These representations contribute to the enduring cultural significance of these boots.

  • Film Examples: Numerous films, including war dramas and action films, have featured characters wearing black leather army boots, showcasing the boots’ role as a visual cue for military presence or a specific character trait.
  • Literature Examples: Literary works, particularly those set during wartime or depicting military figures, have frequently used black leather army boots as a symbol or motif, underscoring their significance and cultural impact.

Potential Uses and Applications

Beyond their military origins, black leather army boots have carved a niche for themselves in civilian life. Their robust construction, timeless style, and inherent versatility make them suitable for a wide range of activities and fashion choices. This adaptability extends beyond the traditional work boots, offering a unique blend of practicality and fashion appeal.The versatility of black leather army boots stems from their enduring design features, including durable materials and a classic silhouette.

This allows them to seamlessly transition from formal settings to casual outings, offering a compelling option for those seeking both style and substance.

Adaptability for Diverse Lifestyles

The adaptable nature of black leather army boots allows for integration into various lifestyles. Their sturdy construction, combined with their stylish aesthetic, enables individuals to embrace a diverse range of activities. From urban exploration to weekend adventures, these boots prove their versatility in numerous scenarios.

Suitable Activities and Scenarios

Black leather army boots are well-suited for a variety of activities. Their durability and support make them ideal for outdoor pursuits like hiking, camping, and exploring rugged terrain. Their stylish design also makes them suitable for more refined occasions, such as evening outings or formal events.

Potential Applications Table

ScenarioActivitySuitability Rationale
Urban ExplorationWalking, sightseeing, urban photographyStylish and practical for navigating city streets, providing both comfort and a distinctive look.
Outdoor AdventuresHiking, camping, trekkingDurable construction and sturdy sole provide support and protection on uneven terrain.
Formal EventsCocktail parties, business meetingsA refined aesthetic complements formal attire, providing a sophisticated look.
Casual OutingsShopping, weekend brunchesStylish and comfortable enough for casual outings, offering a touch of rugged charm.
Work/Professional SettingsCertain roles that demand durability and style.Depending on the specific profession and attire, these boots can be a suitable choice for both practicality and a refined aesthetic.

FAQ Summary: Black Leather Army Boots

What are the common leather types used in black leather army boots?

Various leathers are used, including full-grain leather, which offers superior durability, and calfskin, known for its softness and suppleness. Other options include nubuck and suede for different aesthetic preferences.

How do I choose the right size for black leather army boots?

It’s crucial to try on black leather army boots to ensure a proper fit. Consider measuring your foot and comparing it to the boot’s size chart, and be aware that boots may require some breaking-in time.

What are the best ways to care for black leather army boots?

Regular cleaning, conditioning, and proper storage are essential for maintaining the longevity and appearance of black leather army boots. Use appropriate cleaning solutions and leather conditioners to prevent damage and maintain their quality.

What are the different styles of black leather army boots available?

Common styles include combat boots, Chelsea boots, and desert boots, each possessing unique features and aesthetic appeal. Factors such as the height, toe shape, and construction contribute to the overall look and feel.